Poland has grown faster than any other European economy since 1989, yet it has shifted from being among Europe’s most equal countries to one of its most unequal: the top one percent share of income more than tripled between 1983 and 2018. This paper reviews the fragmented evidence on social mobility and income inequality in Poland, drawing on sociology and economics as well as survey, tax and administrative sources. Social mobility remains moderately low, and inequality remains high. We identify the main data gaps, particularly on income, wealth and intergenerational links, and discuss reforms to taxation, access to education and the distribution of capital income.