The article analyzes the financial and economic condition of Polish coal mining producers during the period 2020–2023. Based on the analysis, selected developmental and corrective perspectives for the sector were identified. The study encompassed the financial reports of six key coal mining producers in 2018–2022, employing various research methods: statistical methods, analysis and synthesis, and literature review analysis. An original approach to measuring windfall gains was also proposed. The period of high volatility in coal prices and a series of market disruptions created opportunities for the creation of windfall profits for producers, which were materialized through extraordinary surpluses in profitability. Symptoms of neutralizing developmental barriers in the industry emerged, which had previously significantly influenced the erosion of the financial condition of producers. These included the announced embargo on Russian coal, the overall increase in coal prices, and the increased bargaining power of producers due to disruptions in the supply of other energy resources. This led to the financial stabilization of coal entities and reduction in the risk of bankruptcy.